Hie fauna of sciarid flies from the Dominican Republic ( Diptera , Sciaridae )

This report is the first comprehensive study on sciarids within the Caribbean fauna, which includes 50 spe­ cies belonging to 11 genera, 44 of them new to science. Forty five species were collected in the Dominican Republic, five in Puerto Rico. The species belong to the following genera: Leptosciarella (2), Pseudosciara (4, two of them previously known), Chaetosciara (1), Cratyna (1), Hyperlasion (2, one of them previously known), Pseudolycoriella (13), Bradysia (16, one of them previously known), Scatopsciara (5), Corynoptera (2), Keilbachia (1) and Epidapus (3, one of them previously known). Assessing the Caribbean fauna is handicapped by lack of information on sciarids from neighboring main­ land’s, especially Florida and South America. Nevertheless, due to thorough knowledge of the sciarid fauna of the Palaearctic Region and partial knowledge of that of the Nearctic Region and Central America, we can say that Caribbean sciarids show great similarities to Holarctic faunistic elements. This is particularly true for Leptosciarella, Chaetosciara, K eilbachia, Scatopsciara, most species of Bradysia, Corynoptera and Epidapus, and at least partly also for Pseudolycoriella. The only endemic Neotropical genus is Pseudosciara with four described species, and the two species of the Bradysia pararu fescens group.


Introduction
The Sciarids were collected by V. Ai.manzar in 1991, D. Grimaldi & J. Stark 19911992 from the Dominican Republic using either Malaise traps or sweep net. Small sam ples from Puerto Rico were collected using light trapping by Y. C anals in 1996. The sciarid flies were preserved in 70% ethanol. For preparation on microscopic slides they were dehydrated in 96% ethanol and treated with creosote for at least 10 minutes. The genitalia were separated carefully and body and genitalia were embedded subsequently under two different coverglasses in Canada Balsam. The morphologic terminology (Fig. 1) and nomenclature corresponds with that of Soli (1997) and M enzel & M ohrig (1997,2000). The type material and other specimens were preserved in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York City, and in the collection of M ohrig, Poseritz (CWMP), Germany. 14. Puerto Rico, Guanica, 17.97°N 66.86°W, Guanica State Forest, Jul. 1996, light trap, leg. Y. Canals.

Systematics
Genus L eptosciarella Tuomikoski, 1960 On the basis of the Holarctic species, Leptosciarella can be interpreted as an independent genus with five subgenera (M ohrig & M enzel 1997, M ohrig 2003). The monophyly is based on an autapomorphic character: the apical tooth on the gonostyles is shaped like a hawk beak. The occurrence of spine-like bristles (subgenus H irtipennia) or short awl-like spines above the apical tooth (subgenus Leptosciarella s. str.) is without doubt more recently developed. In amber fossil species of Leptosciarella we find only short bris tles above the tooth (M ohrig & Roschmann 1994, R oschmann & M ohrig 1995a). The development of the typical awl-like spines is only seen in Leptosciarella tertiaria (M eunier, 1904). In recent species such spines are absent only in the Mediterranean sciarid Leptosciarella m editerránea (M ohrig & Kauschke, 1994). This species is also unique in the shape of the flagellomeres, which have bottle-like necks, typical of the genus Sciara and the Leptosciarella subgenera H irtipennia in the Palaearctic region and Protosciarella in Central America. In all other recent species of Leptosciarella the flagel lomeres have conical necks with sharp corners on the basal part of the flagellomeres. Further Diagnosis are the mostly setose postpronotum, macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins in most species and an indistinct patch of bristles at the inner apex of the fore tibia. The genus Leptosciarella is species rich and widespread within the Palaearctic Region. Some species are known from the USA, Canada and Central America (M ohrig 2003).
L eptosciarella (L eptosciarella) n u d in ervosa M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 2) Diagnosis: This new species is a typical Leptosciarella for the Holarctic species. It is char acterised by the absence of macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins, the bare postpro notum and the short palpi. Description: t?. Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae short, unicolour brown, flagellomere 4 about 2.0 x longer than wide, with a distinct conical neck, setae dense and shorter than the diameter of the basal part of flagellomere; palpi short, 2-3-segmented, basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with rather short, fine setae, some stronger lateral and 4 stronger scutellar setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings smoky; R, long, = 4/5 R; R5 without ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short and darkened; legs brownish; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a large indistinct patch of bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and subequal; claws untoothed.
L eptosciarella (P rotoscia rella ) a m p u llocera M ohrig & Róschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 3) Diagnosis: This new species is characterized by the lack of short awl-like spines above the apical tooth of gonostyles and the bottle-like shape of flagellomeres, in combina tion with a lack of macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins. It belongs to the subgenus Protosciarella and appears related to the fossil species Leptosciarella botuli in Baltic amber (M ohrig & R óschmann 1994). Description: d . Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae rather long, uniform brown, scapus ochreous, flagellomeres with bottle-like necks (SciaraASks)-, flagellomere 4 about 3.0 x longer than wide, setae dense, erect and as long as the diameter of the basal part of flagellomere; palpi 3-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Segment III long and narrow. Thorax: Ochreous-brown; mesonotum laterally paler, with rather central setae, some stronger lateral and 4 stronger scutellar setae; lower half of katepisternum and coxae yel low; upper part of katepisternum and antemesothoracic epimeron darkened; postpronotum with one bristle; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; postthoracic episternum with one or two bristles; wings smoky; R t = 2/3 R; R5 without ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, without macrotrichia; CuA-stem short; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short and darkened; coxae elongate and narrow; legs long, femora and tibiae yellow, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a large indistinct patch of bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and subequal; claws with a flat subapical tooth. Abdomen: Brown, tergal and sternal sclerites with rather long setae; genitalia ventrally with sparse, short setae, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short setae; gonostyles long and narrow, apically shaped like a forehead, with a spine on the apex shaped like a hawkbeak and short bristles above (without short awl-like spines); teg men higher than wide, with fine teeth; aedeagus rather long. Genus P seu dosciara Schiner, 1868 The taxonomic history of this taxon has experienced many errors, which were clarified by Amorim (1992). Although the type species is lost, it is most likely that it is a Pseudosciara as from Lane (1959b). Lane included 23 Neotropical species in his key; A m orim (1992) gave 27 species in his Catalogue of Sciaridae of the Americas south of the United States.
We have seen only some type species of Pettey and W illiston and it seems to be clear that there are many identical species and that a revision is necessary. Species of this genus are characterized by macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins to gether with a long CuA-stem, virtually as long as half the distance between the base of R5 and the end of CuA3. The patch of bristles at the inner apex of the fore tibiae is large and semicircular; claws are untoothed; palpi are three-segmented and elongate; with the basal segment having some setae and without a deepened sensory pit; postpronotum is bare and the gonostyle rather uniform with 5 strong spines apically and a spine near the middle of the inner side, frequently inserted on a protuberance that sometimes forms a distinct thumb-like lobe. Most of the known species are of medium size and richly con trasted in yellow and black.
P seu dosciara a itk eni Lan e, 1959 (Fig. 4a,c) Literature: Lane, 1959b. Rev. Bras. Biol. 19: 290, Fig. 1  We identified our specimens with Pseudosciara aitkeni Lane as described from Trinidad. This species is of medium size and predominantly yellow. It is characterized by the thumb-like lobe with single curved spine near the base of the inner side of the gonostyles. The gonostyles are mostly dark, in contrast to the yellow gonocoxites and the base of the hypopygium. The differences from the new species Pseudosciara longicera are shown in the descriptions. P seu dosciara ca rib a Lane, 1959 Literature : Lane 1959b. Rev. Bras. Biol. 19: 291-292, Fig. 6 and 7. We identified our specimens with Pseudosciara cariba Lane as described from Trinidad. This species is characterised by the strong spine below the middle of the inner side that is without any basal protuberance. The gonostyles are darkened as in Pseudosciara aitkeni. The first abdominal sternite is yellow, the 4th with larger yellow basal and apical bands.
P seu dosciara lo n gicera M ohrig & Róschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 5) Diagnosis: This new species is very similar to Pseudosciara aitkeni Lane, especially in the colour and the nearly identical shape of gonostyles. It differs chiefly from this species by the long flagellomeres, which elongate to the apex of antennae. Also, the apices of tibiae and the tarsi are darker, y is shorter, the CuA-stem and C longer and the body size larger than in Pseudosciara aitkeni. Confusion with other described species can not be excluded until a final revision of this genus, but based on the existing descriptions it is unlikely. Description: <3. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae long, flagellomeres narrow and elongate to the apex, basal segments and first flagellomere yellow, the other flagellomeres uniform brown, necks paler with a darkened apex, flagellomere 4 about 4 x longer than wide, with a distinct neck, setae dense and longer than diameter of the basal part of flagello mere. Palpi long, three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Yellow, mesonotum darkened dorsally; with rather long, brown setae, a lateral row and 4 stronger scutellar setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings brownish; Rj long, = 3/4 R; R5 with ventral and dorsal macrotrichia along whole length; C = 2/3 w; y = Vi x, both with macrotrichia; M-stem with macrotrichia along whole length, M-fork = M-stem, narrow; CuA-stem very long, longer than CuA2, all posterior veins with macrotrichia; halteres short, with yellow stem and darkened heads; legs yellow, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae with some spine like bristles among the ground setae, inner apex with a large indistinct patch of bristles, forming an arched row of bristles apically and with indistinct bristles up to the strong semicircular border; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and subequal; claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal sclerites dense and with rather long setae; tergites dark with yellow base, sternite 1-5 yellow, the others darkened; hypopygium brownish, gonostyles somewhat darker; gonocoxite with moderately long setae at the inner ventral margin; gonostyles narrowed at apex, with a strong apical tooth, 4 shorter spines and a thumb like lobe with a single curved spine near base of inner side; tegmen rounded, with a large area of fine teeth; aedeagus rather long. Pseudosciarafragistyla M ohrig & Rôschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 6) Diagnosis: This unique new species undoubtedly belongs to Pseudosciara by all Diagnosis with exception of the very simple gonostyles. The absence of any spine or lobe at the inner side of gonostyles can be seen as a plesiomorphic characteristic and therefore as an indicator for a more primary position of this species in the special phylogeny of Pseudosciara. Description: cf. Head: Dark, palpi and the basal segments of antennae yellow; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae long, flagellomeres not elongate to apex, basal segments yellow, other flagellomeres uniform brown, necks brownish with a darkened apex, flagellomere 4 about 3 x longer than wide, with a distinct neck, setae dense and longer than the diam eter of the basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented, basal segment short, club like, with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Yellow-brown contrasted, mesonotum brown, only prescutum yellow; with rath er long and brown setae, a stronger lateral row and 4 stronger scutellar setae; scutellum brownish; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae, yellow; pleural sclerite, katepisternum and mediotergite brown, metanotum and postthoracic episternum yellow; wings brownish; Rj long, = 2/3 R; R5 with ventral and dorsal macrotrichia along whole length; C somewhat longer 1/2 w; y shorter x, both with macrotrichia; M-fork = M-stem, narrow; CuA-stem elongated, somewhat shorter than CuA2; all posterior veins with macrotrichia; halteres short, with yellow stem and darkened heads; legs yellow, hind coxae with a brown spot apically, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae with some spine-like bristles among the ground setae, inner apex with a large indistinct patch of bristles, forming an arched row of bristles apically with indistinct bristles up to the strong semicircular border; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and subequal; claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal sclerites dense and with rather long setae; first tergite chiefly yellow, all other tergites dark with yellow base, sternite 1-5 yellow, the others darkened; hypopygium brownish, gonostyles somewhat darker; gonocoxite ochreous, with sparse and moderately short setae at the inner ventral margin; gonostyles long and narrow, with a strong apical tooth and 4 shorter spines, without any lobe or spine near base of inner side of the gonostyles; tegmen rounded, with a large area of fine teeth; aedeagus rather long. The genus is characterised by a distinct lobe at the ventral base of the hypopygium, very short and thick flagellomeres with a distinct barred surface structure in most species, three-segmented palpi with three or more bristles, a large indistinct bristle patch at the apex of the fore tibiae, bare postpronotum, four or more scutellar bristles, a lack of macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins and untoothed tarsal claws. Most species consis tently have three spines at the apex of the gonostyles.
C haetosciara g ilv a M ohrig & R oschmann spec. nov. Diagnosis: This new species is a typical Chaetosciara. It is well characterised by the shape of gonostyles and the basal lobe of the base of hypopygium with short setae. It represents the feature of Holarctic species of this genus. Description: c?. Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae short, uniform brown, necks pale, flagellomeres thick; flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x longer than wide, with a distinct neck, with rather dense setae and shorter than half of the diameter of the basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 5-6 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Yellow-brown; mesonotum with rather short, fine setae, 4 stronger scutellar setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse se tae; wings smoky; R} = 3/4 R; R? with dorsal and ventral macrotrichia only apically; C = 2/ 3 w; y = x, with 2-3 macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short and darkened; legs brownish; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a large indistinct bristle-patch; spurs of mid and hind tibiaesubequal; claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal sclerites rather short and finely setose; basal lobe of hypo pygium with short setae, with moderately long setae at the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites; gonostyles strong, with 3 short spines; tegmen rounded, aedeagus very short.  Tuomikoski (1960, p. 31), the Cratyna species of Cen tral America (M ohrig 2003) and perhaps also the Neotropical species of Plastosciara described by Lane (I960) are more or less well defined. Further studies in other zoogeo graphic regions are needed before proposing an adequate definition of the limits of this and related genera. About 40 Palaearctic species are known in the genus. Fourteen species are known from Papua New Guinea (M ohrig 1999). Only two species are known from the Nearctic Region (Poole & Gentili 1996). Steffan (1969) mentioned three species from Mic ronesia, but two of his Scythropochroa species seem to belong to Cratyna. The genus Pseudozygoneura Steffan, 1969is synonym to Cratyna (M ohrig 1999. The genus is also known from tertiary amber (M ohrig & R oschmann 1994, R oschmann & M ohrig 1995b).
C ratyna (C ratyna) fu m o a la ta M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 8) Diagnosis: This new species is well characterised by the shape of gonostyles and macrotrichia on the y part of R?. The species corresponds to species of the Holarctic subgenus D ecem brina. The tooth-like spine pairs and their arrangement presume a closer relation ship to Neotropic species near Cr. curarosi (Lane, 1960). Description: 3 . Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae short, uniform brown, flagellomeres thick; flagellomere 4 about 1.5 x longer than wide, with a distinct neck, setae dense and shorter than the diameter of the basal part of flagellomere; palpi two-segment ed, basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with light spots at prescutum and mediotergite; mesonotum with rather short, fine setae, some stronger lateral and scutellar setae. Postpronotum setose; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse setae; wings smoky; Rj = 2/3 R; Rs in distal half with dorsal and ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = 2x, with macrotrichia; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres short and darkened; legs brown ish; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a small indistinct patch of bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal; claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal sclerites with dense, rather long setae; hypopygium with short and strong gonocoxites, with moderately long setae at inner ventral margin; gono styles ovoid, with 4 hyaline spines in two pairs on the apex and subapically; tegmen rounded, with a short tongue-like structure; aedeagus very short. The genus included small species with reduced palpi, short legs with very short tibial spurs, and short halteres. The species are very similar to small species of the genus Cratyna with the exception of short tibial spurs and an extended head capsule in some species.
H yperlasion m u ltisetu s M ohrig & R oschmann spec. nov.  Diagnosis: The new species is characterised by one-segmented palpi, two to three very fine hyaline spines among several subequal bristles at the apex of gonostyles, a very weak M-stem and strong CuA-veins and macrotrichia on x and y. Description: <S. Head: Somewhat egg-shaped with a larger posterior vertex; eye bridge narrow, 2 facets wide, antennae rather long; necks 1/3 of the basal part; flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide; setae of flagellomeres sparse and bristle-like, longer than the diameter of the basal part; palpi rounded, one-segmented; sensillae at the apex. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short and sparse setae, some stronger lateral and 2 stronger scutellar setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings brownish, dense with macrotrichia; Rj = 3/4 R; R5 rather straight and wide, with ventral and dorsal macrotrichia along whole length; C = 3/4 w; y = x, with macrotrichia; M-stem short and rather broad; CuA-stem short; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres elongated, darkened; coxae somewhat elongated; legs of normal size; apex of fore tibia without a distinct patch of bristles, only with some longer setae; spurs of mid and hind tibiae short, fine and subequal, tarsal claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, tergal and sternal setae sparse and moderately long; genitalia ventrally with short setae, the inner margin of gonocoxites with rather long setae; gonocoxites short and rather strong; gonostyles long, without an apical tooth, with only a few hya line fine spines among longer spine-like bristles; tegmen rather small, apically rounded, laterallyangled; aedeagus very short. This small species is characterised by one-segmented palpi, rather short coxae and legs with very short and fine tibial spurs. Gonostyles apically rounded, with 5-6 subapi- The genus was established for species of the Palaearctic Lycoriella bruckii group (M enzel & M ohrig 1998). The main characteristic is a long subapical whip-lash seta on the gonostyles (rarely two or more). This characteristic is combined with toothed tarsal claws in most species, 4 scutellar setae, bare postpronotum, lack of macrotrichia on the poste rior wing veins, rough surface of the flagellomeres with distinct white insertion points of short sensoriae among the setae, three-segmented palpi with a long and narrow basal seg ment with more than one bristle, short halteres and subequal spurs on the mid and hind tibiae. The bristle patch at the apex of the fore tibiae is mostly with semicircular margin, in some species more comb-like. Diagnosis: This large and dark species is a typical Pseudolycoriella. Is is characterised by the shape of gonostyles, the short and thick flagellomeres and the somewhat elongated mouth parts. Description: c?. Head: Higher than wide, clypeus and labrum distinctly elongate; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown; flagellomere 4 about 2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface not rough, setae shorter than the half diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented; basal segment with 4-5 bristles and a patch of short sensillae; third segment narrow and elongate. Thorax: Dark brown; central parts of mesonotum darkened; mesonotum with moderately short setae, 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postprono tum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse setae; wings dark brown, all veins darkened; Rj = 3/4 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 3/4 w; y shorter x, bare; CuA-stem rather long; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs dark brown; fore tibiae at the inner apex without a distinct patch of bristles, only with some stronger bristles among the ground setae; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal brownish and longer than the diameter of apex; claws weakly toothed.
Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae dense and moderately long; genitalia ventrally and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short setae; gonostyles curved, with two strong subequal spines apically and a longer whip-lash seta; tegmen broader than high and with a semicircular structure apically; aedeagus rather short, with large basal part. Pseudolycoriella bicornis (Menzel, 1997) The species is very similar to Ps. torva, but clearly smaller. It can be distinguish by the flattened and smooth ventral part at the distal half of gonostyles. Diagnosis: This new species is a typical P seudolycoriella with connections to Ps. barbata. It is characterised through the shape of gonostyles. Description: 3 . Head: Ovoid, clypeus and labrum elongated; eye bridge 3 facets wide; flagellomeres uniform brown, basal segments somewhat paler, necks rather long, uni form colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x as long as wide, smooth, setae as long as the basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented; basal segment narrow with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown; mesonotum somewhat darker, with moderately long dorsocentral se tae, some stronger lateral setae scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse and rather short setae; wings brownish, all veins darkened; Rj = 1/2 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, bare; CuA-stem = x; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs brownish; fore tibiae at the inner apex with an indistinct row of bristles, without semicircular margin; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal brownish and longer than the diameter of apex; claws weakly toothed. Abdomen: Brown, with sparse, moderately long setae; base of hypopygium with sparse setae, the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with rather dense and long setae; gonostyles short and strongly curved,widely rounded apically, with dense setae, with two strong sub equal spines and a long whiplash seta; tegmen widely rounded and without a semicircular structure apically; aedeagus rather long. Diagnosis: This large species is a typical Pseudolycoriella. It is well characterised by the compact, inwardly curved gonostyles with two short apical spines, a long whip-lash seta and by the dense and lobe-like setae at the base of the hypopygium. Description: 3 . Head: Rounded; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown, necks paler; flagellomere 4 about 2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface not rough, setae shorter than the half diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-seg mented; basal segment with 5-6 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown; mesonotum with moderately fine, short dorsocentral setae, some stron ger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings brownish, all veins darkened; Rt long, = 3/4 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 3/4 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs brown; fore tibiae at the inner apex without a distinct patch of bristles, only with some stronger bristles among the ground setae; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, brown ish and longer than the diameter of apex; claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae dense and moderately long; base of hypopygium lobe like with dense setae, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites normally with short setae; gonostyles strong, curved apically, with two short strong subequal spines and a longer whip-lash seta; tegmen as wide as high and with a weak semicircular structure apically; aedeagus rather long, with large basal part. Body length: 4.5 mm. 9 : unknown. Diagnosis: This large, dark species is similar to Ps. ovistyla. It differs by the dark colour, the shape of gonostyles and the short, wide flagellomeres. Description: 3 . Head: Rounded; eye bridge 2-3 facets wide; antennae brown, flagel lomeres wide, basal segments somewhat honey-coloured; flagellomere 4 about 1.8 x as long as wide with distinct neck, surface slightly rough, setae dense and as long as the half diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented; basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Dark brown; central part of mesonotum darkened; mesonotum with short dorsocentral setae, 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prothoracic epimeron sparsely setose; wings browned, posterior veins distinct; Rj = 1/2 R; R5 only with dorsal macrotrichia; C = l/ 2 w ;y = x, bare; CuA-stem rather long, = x; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish-brown; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a dis tinct patch of bristles with semicircular margin; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, brownish and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws strongly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae short; genitalia ventrally and inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse and short setae; gonostyles widely rounded, apex with dense se tae, with 6-8 subequal spines among the equal-length setae and a longer whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, without an internal structure apically; aedeagus rather short, basal part rather small. Body length: 3,2 mm. 9: Eye bridge 2-3 facets wide, antennae short, flagellomeres brown, pedicel ochreous, flagellomere 4 as long as wide, setae very short, some setae stout, bristle-like, necks very short, all other Diagnosis as in male. Diagnosis: This species is very well characterised by colour and the palisade-like bristles at the base of the hypopygium. It belongs to Pseudolycoriella near Ps. aculeacera. Description: 3 . Head: Rounded; eye bridge 2-3 facets wide; antennae short, bicolored; basal segments and first flagellomere yellow or yellow-brownish, flagellomeres brown with pale necks, flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface rough, setae dense and as long as the diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi threesegmented; basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with yellow parts on the katepisternum, pronotum, antepronotum, pre thoracic episternum and the base of wings; mesonotum brown, setose with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prothoracic episternum with sparse setae; wings pale; R ( = 1/2 R; R5 only with dorsal macrotrichia; C = somewhat longer 1/2 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a indistinct row of bristles (without semicircular mar gin); spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws toothed.
Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and rather short; base of hypopygium ventrally with palisade-like row of dark, spine-like bristles, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles widely rounded, apex with dense setae, with 6-8 weak, hya line, subequal spines behind the longer whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, without an internal structure apically; aedeagus short, basal part rather large. Body length: 2 mm. 9 : flagellomeres very short; flagellomere 4 as long as wide; clypeus and labrum somewhat longer than in male; colour and wing venation as in male. Diagnosis: This new species is very similar to Pseudosciara ovistyla in colour and wing venation. It differs by stronger subapical spines inserted in front of the whip-lash seta, absence of palisade-like row of bristles on the base of hypopygium and shorter setae of flagellomeres. Description: d . Head: Rounded; eye bridge 3-4 facets wide; antennae short, bicoloured; basal segments and first flagellomere yellow or yellow-brownish, flagellomeres brown, flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface slightly rough, setae dense and shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented; basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with yellow parts on the katepisternum, pronotum, antepronotum, pre thoracic episternum and the base of wings; mesonotum brown, setose, with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, anteprono tum and prothoracal episternum sparsely setose; wings pale,; R, = 1/3 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = or somewhat longer 1/2 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex without a distinct patch of bristles, only some bristles some what stronger than the ground setae; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws very weakly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and rather short; base of hypopygium ventrally without distinct bristles, the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles widely rounded, apex with dense setae, with 6-8 weak hyaline subequal spines in front of and behind the short whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, without an internal structure apically; aedeagus short, basal part rather large. Diagnosis: This new species is very similar to Pseudosciara ovistyla and Pseudosciara subovistyla and belongs to the same species group (Pseudosciara ovistyla group). It differs by the short and strong subapical spines of the gonostyles. Description: <5. Head: Rounded; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae short, bicoloured; basal segments and the first flagellomere yellow, other flageilomeres brown with pale necks, flagellomere 4 about 1.8 x as long as wide, surface slightly rough, setae somewhat shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, with white insertion points of sensoria between; palpi three-segmented; basal segment narrow, with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with yellow-ochreous parts on the pleural sclerites and the base of wings; mesonotum laterally with an ochreous strip, with brown setae with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prothoracic episternum with rather long brown setae; wings pale; Rj = 2/3 R; R? dis tally with dorsal and few ventral macrotrichia; C = somewhat longer 1/2 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu distinct and without macrotrichia. Halteres short, yellow; legs yellowish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with an indistinct row of dark bristles (without semicircular margin); spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws rather strongly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and rather long; base of hypopygium bare, in ner ventral margin of gonocoxites with very short setae; gonostyles short, widely rounded, apex with dense setae, with 5 short, strong subequal spines behind and a short whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, without an internal structure apically; aedeagus rather short. Pseudolycoriella virgata M ohrig & Rulik spec. nov.  Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the Pseudosciara ovistyla group by the apically rounded gonostyles with 5 spines behind the apical setae (up to the middle of the inner side) and the more proximally inserted short whip lash seta.
Description: d1. Head: Roundish; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae brown, necks pale, basal segments somewhat paler; flagellomere 3 about 2.0 x as long as wide, surface slight ly rough, setae distinctly shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, with white insertion points of sensoria between; palpi three-segmented; basal segment narrow, with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with yellow-ochreous parts on the antepronotum, katepisternum and the base of wings; mesonotum laterally with wide ochreous strips and a smaller ochreous strip in the middle; with brown setae and stronger prescutellar lateral setae (2-3); scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prothoracic episternum with sparse and fine setae; wings browned; R1 = 2/3 R; R5 distally with dor sal and few ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu distinct and without macrotrichia; halteres short, with darkened heads; legs yellowish-brown, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with an indistinct row of dark bristles with distinct semicircular margin; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws rather strongly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and rather long, tergites brown, 1. and 2. sternites more yellowish; base of hypopygium bare, the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse and short setae; gonostyles longish, widely rounded and apically densely se tose, with 5 long hyaline subequal spines and a short whip-lash seta behind the setae up to the middle of the inner side; tegmen wider than high, without an internal structure apically; aedeagus very short. Diagnosis: This new species is a typical Pseudolycoriella. It is similar to Ps. florentissim a and Ps. fuscivenosa. It differs from the first one by the structure of tegmen, shorter flagellomeres and the simple bristle-patch of the foretibiae, from the second one by shorter gonostyles with longer subapical spines and a wider internal structure of the tegmen. Description: <3. Head: Roundish; eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae short, basal seg ments yellow-ochreous, flagellomeres brown, flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface rough, setae bristle-like, shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, with setae-like sensoriae on light insertion points; palpi three-seg mented; basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with lighter spots at pleural sclerites and lateral parts of mesonotum; me sonotum with sparse setae, with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 2 stronger pos terior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings brownish; Rj = 2/3 R; R5 only with dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/ 3 w; y slightlyt shorter x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs brownish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with 5 stronger bristles in an indistinct row; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws very distinctly toothed. Abdomen; Tergal and sternal setae brown and rather long; base of hypopygium ventrally without distinct bristles, the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles narrow, lightly curved, rounded apically and with dense setae, with 2 subapical, subequal spines and a slightly longer whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, with a semi circular structure apically; aedeagus rather short. Diagnosis: This new species is similar to Ps. indocera and Ps. florentissim a. It differs from the former by the shape of gonostyles and the two subapical spines inserted on the ventral and dorsal side of the gonostyles, from the latter by the simple, row-like patch of bristles at the apex of fore tibia, shorter flagellomeres and paler basal segments of antennae. Description: d . Head: Roundish, clypeus and labrum slightly elongated; eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae short, basal segments yellow-ochreous, flagellomeres brown, flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface rough, setae shorter than half the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, with setae-like sensoriae in distinct rows on light insertion points; palpi three-segmented; basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with sparse setae, with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale-brownish; Rj = 2/3 R; R5 with only dor sal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia.
Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with stronger bristles in an indistinct row; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws distinctly toothed.
Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown, sparse and rather long; base of hypopygium ven trally without distinct bristles, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles narrow, rounded apically with dense setae, with 2 subapical spines (one ventrally, the second more dorsally) and a long whip-lash seta; tegmen wider than high, with a small semicircular structure apically; aedeagus rather short. Diagnosis: This contrast rich species is similar to Ps. indocera and Ps. fuscivenosa. It differs from both by the bristle-patch with semicircular margin at inner apex of the fore tibiae, longer flagellomeres and rather flat thorax. Description: 3 . Head: Roundish, mouth parts slightly elongated; eye bridge 2-3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown, flagellomere 4 about twice as long as wide, with distinct neck, surface rather smooth, setae dense and shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, without distinct sensoria; palpi three-segmented; basal segment with 2-3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Dark brown, base of wings up to the sides of scutellum yellowish; mesonotum with sparse, short setae, with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 2 stronger poste rior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; katepisternum rather flat; wings pale; R, short, = 1/2 R; R_ with only dor sal macrotrichia; C = 3/4 w; y = x, bare; branches of M and Cu without macrotrichia.
Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with patch of bristles with strong semicircular margin; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws distinctly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and sparse; base of hypopygium ventrally with out distinct bristles, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with rather short setae; gonostyles narrow, rounded apically and with dense setae, with 3 subapical spines and a long whip-lash seta; tegmen higher than wide; aedeagus rather short. Body length: 2.6 mm. 9: unknown. M ohrig, W., Róschmann, F. & Rulik,  x as long as wide, surface rather smooth, setae shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented; basal segment narrow, with 2-3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Uniform brown; mesonotum with rather long setae, with 2-3 stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with rather long setae; wings pale; Rj very short, = 1/4 R; R$ only with dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = 1/2 x, bare; M strongly curved, M 2 straight, in line with M-stem; CuA-stem variable, mostly rather long; CuA2 strongly curved distally to the edge of wings; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres rather long, with a thin and yellow stem and darkened heads; legs yellowish-brown, tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with an indistinct row of bristles, with strong semicircular mar gin; spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal and longer than the diameter of apex. Claws distinctly toothed. Abdomen: Tergal and sternal setae brown and sparse; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites indistinct and with rather long setae; gonostyles rather narrow, apex with 6-7 spines, two more dorsally, and two short whip-lash setae; tegmen higher than wide; aedeagus rather long and wide. We follow the concept of Tuomikoski (1960), subdividing the genus in monophyletic species groups, suggesting that much more information from different zoogeographic regions is needed before subgenic taxa can be proposed. Bradysia is the largest genus of Sciaridae and is distributed world wide. The best known at present are approximately 215 species of the Palaearctic Region, subdivided in 16 species groups (M ohrig et al. 1989a, b; M enzel & M ohrig 2000). The genus is also well represented within the Nearctic region (Steffan 1966), in Micronesia (Steffan 1969) and in the Indomalayan islands (own material, unpublished). The genus is well characterised by the very stable characteristic of a strong comb-like row of bristles at the tip of the fore tibiae, two subequal spurs of the mid and hind tibiae, most ly untoothed tarsal claws (only species of the Palaearctic Bradysia fu n gicola group show fine teethed claws), mostly 4 or more long scutellar bristles, 3-segmented palpi with at least 2 or more bristles on the basal segment, a bare posterior pronotum and without macrotrichia on the posterior wing veins. The shape of the gonostyles and the arrangement of spines and teeth are rather different. A lobe or a spine or bristle group at the ventral base of the hypopygium are present in some species groups. The head is normally round, in few species with slightly elongated mouth parts. The colour of body, head and antennae in Holarctic species is mostly brown, only the species of the Bradysia hilaris group (also some species of the B. fu n gicola group and the B. am oena group) constantly show flagellomeres with bico loured necks and sometimes antennae with yellow basal segments.
B radysia tu rgid a M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 22) Diagnosis; This new species is characterised by the wide comb of bristles at the apex of fore tibiae, the long gonostyles with a strong apical tooth and the macrotrichia on x and y. B. turgida is distinguished from the other species by the strong apical tooth. Its posi tion within the B. hilaris group is not sure and based only on the bicoloured necks of the flagellomeres. Description: c?. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae brown, basal segments yellowochreous, necks paler and weakly bicoloured, rather short; flagellomere 4 about 2.4 x as long as wide, setae shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi threesegmented, long; basal segment with 5-6 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Dark brown; mesonotum with moderately long, dorsocentral setae, some stron ger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse but moderately long setae; wings brownish, R long, = 3/4 R; R5 in distal half with ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, both with Diagnosis: This unique yellow species is characterised by the colour and the shape of gonostyles with the short equal spines at the tip. It belongs to the B. hilaris group by the bicoloured necks of flagellomeres. Description: <?. Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae brown, basal segments slightly ochreous, necks paler and weakly bicoloured, rather short; flagellomere 4 about 2.5 x as long as wide, setae dense and somewhat shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere; palpi three-segmented, long; basal segment with 5-6 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Yellow; mesonotum with dark brown setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings brownish, R, = 3/4 R; R5 with dorsal and ven tral macrotrichia along the whole length; C = 2/3 w; y = x, with macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a very wide comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergites brown, sternites ochreous; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles long and narrow, darkened in the api cal half, apex with 6-7 short spines; tegmen widely rounded, with a large area of teeth; aedeagus rather long. Body length: 3.5 mm. 9 : unknown. Diagnosis: This very pale species is characterised by the rough surface of flagellomeres with net-like lines between the insertion points of setae and sensoria, and the shape of gonostyles with 4 spines closely aligned at the apex. The species belongs to the B. hilaris group by the rough surface of flagellomeres. Description: c?. Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide; antennae brown, basal segments yellowochreous, necks rather long, brownish and not distinctly bicoloured; flagellomere 4 about 2.2 x as long as wide, setae somewhat shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, with white insertion points of short sensoria and a net structure between; surface rough; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1-2 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Yellow-brown, with darker spots on the prethoracic episternum and the katepisternum; mesonotum brown and with moderately short setae, some lateral setae stronger; scutellum with 4 strong posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and pretho racic episternum with sparse setae; wings pale, R} very short, shorter 1/2 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y shorter x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins with out macrotrichia. Haberes short with darkened heads; legs yellowish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws strong toothed. Abdomen: Brown, with sparse setae; base of hypopygium and inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse but rather long setae; gonostyles narrowed, curved, apex with 4 subequal spines; tegmen large, with rather coarse teeth; aedeagus very long. shorter than the diameter of basal part of flagellomere, surface not rough; palpi threesegmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Ochreous, lower part of the katepisternum and three strips (lateral and central) of the mesonotum darkened; mesonotum with brown setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong, posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and pretho-racic episternum with sparse setae; wings pale, anal area narrowed; = 2/3 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 3/4 w; y = x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish-brown; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Abdomen: Brown, sparsely setose; base of hypopygium and inner ventral margin of gonocoxites sparsely setose; apex of gonostyles with 5 spines, one isolated dorsally, 4 subapical; tegmen rounded, with a rather large area of teeth; aedeagus rather long. Body length: 2.5 mm. 9 : unknown. Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the B. hilaris group by the bicoloured necks of flagellomeres. It is very similar to B. spinea. It differs in smaller size, darker colour and shorter gonostyles with more apical spines. Description: 3 . Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown; necks rather short, brownish, weakly bicoloured; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bris tles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Uniform ochreous-brown; mesonotum with dark setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 strong, posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse setae; wings pale, Rj slightly longer 1/2 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia. Halteres short with darkened heads; legs somewhat paler than the thorax; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, sparsely setose; base of hypopygium and inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse setae; gonostyles rather strong, apex with 7 spines, two of them more dorsally isolated, 5 more apical-subapical; tegmen rounded; aedeagus rather long. Body length: 1.9 mm. 9: unknown. Description: <?. Head: Eye bridge 3-4 facets wide; antennae uniform brownish, with long, strong setae; necks rather long, pale, weakly bicoloured; flagellomere 4 about 2 x as long as wide, flagellomeres with bristle-like setae, not dense and longer than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Uniform brown; mesonotum with short setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale, Rt = 1/2 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = Vi x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia.
Halteres short with darkened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, sparse but with rather long setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with rather dense setae; gonostyles rather long, with 3 spines more subapically, one of them longer; tegmen wide, more or less rounded; adeagus rather short and strong. Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the B. am oena group by the deep sensory pit on the basal segment of palpi. The setae on some pleural sclerites are unusual. It differs from the following species by the long flagellar setae and the short gonostyles with several spines. Description: <$. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide, irons with 6-8 setae; antennae uniform brown, with long, strong setae, necks rather long, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres somewhat shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3/4 bristles and a deep pit of sen sillae. Thorax: Brown, with darkened spots on the mesonotum, the lower half of the katepisternum and mediotergite; mesonotum with rather long, brown setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with rather dense setae; antethoracic anepisternum with 6-7 fine setae, also the mediotergite with a setae patch; wings pale, Rj somewhat shorter Vi R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y somewhat shorter x, both with macrotrichia; posterior veins strong and without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellow-ochreous; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than diameter of apex. Claws un toothed. M ohrig, W., Rôschmann, F. & Rulxk, B.: The fauna of sciarid flies Abdomen: Brown, with brown setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles rather short and strong, apically rounded, with 8-10 closely aligned spines; tegmen obtuse cone-shape; aedeagus rather short.  Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, fine setae, lateral setae only slightly longer; scutellum with 4 short and weak posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and pre thoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; antethoracic anepisternum with 6-7 fine setae, also the mediotergite with a setae patch; wings pale, Rj somewhat shorter V z R; R5 only with dorsal macrotrichia; C slightly longer 1/2 w; y = x, both with macrotrichia; posterior veins strong and without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with brown setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles rather long and narrow, apex with 4 subequal spines; tegmen more obtuse cone-shape; aedeagus rather long. flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-seg mented, basal segment with 3/4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, with ochreous spots on the lateral mesonotum and pleural sclerites, mesonotum with rather long, fine, brown setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 2 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, rather long setae; wings pale, Rt = 2/3 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C slightly longer 1/2 w; y = x, bare; posterior veins strong and without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellow-brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws toothed. Abdomen: Brown, with fine, brown setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles with a strong apical spine tooth and 4 short subapical spines; tegmen rounded, with a large area of fine teeth; aedeagus rather short. flagellomere 4 about 2.5 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres somewhat longer than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1 -3 bristles and a patch of short sensillae. Thorax: Yellow with brownish spots on the pleural sclerites; mesonotum with brown se tae, some stronger, lateral setae; scutellum with 2 stronger and 2 shorter posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setose; wings pale, Rj = 2/3 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y shorter x, with 1 2 macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellow-ochreous; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather long setae; base of hypopygium with a small and more membraneous lobe with 4 short setae, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with long, overlapping setae in the basal half; gonostyles rather long, with 5 spines subapically, one isolated; tegmen rounded; aedeagus rather short. Thorax: Ochreous; mesonotum with brown setae, some stronger lateral setae; scutellum with 4 stronger posterior setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic epi sternum sparse and with rather short setae; wings pale, Rt = 2/3 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = x, with 2-3 macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal, longer than the diameter of apex. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with brown setae; base of hypopygium with a short wide, more mem braneous lobe with 4 setae, inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles rather long, with 4 equal and closely aligned spines; tegmen rounded; aedeagus rather short; apical margin of the 9th sternite narrowed in the middle. Diagnosis: This new species is characterised by the elongated mouth part, the short and angular base of R5 (x, y) and the rough flagellomeres. The shape of gonostyles with an apical tooth is similar to species near the Holarctic B. rufescens group. Description: c?. Head: Ovoid, clypeus and labrum elongated; eye bridge 3 facets wide: antennae uniform brown, necks short, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part, surface rough, insertion points of sensory setae large and light; palpi three-segmented, basal seg ment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with a dark central strip, with short, fine setae, some lateral and scutellar setae slightly longer; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale, anal area large, Rj very short, about 1/4 R; R5 only with dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y short and strong squared off from R5; y and x without macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellow-brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae rather short and subequal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather long setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles short, apex with a short tooth and 4 longer subapical spines; tegmen rounded, with scale-like teeth; aedeagus rather strong. Diagnosis: This new species is characterised by the strongly toothed claws, the elongated mouth part, the membranous lobe at the base of the hypopygium, the distinctly pale wings with the angular anal area and very fine macrotrichia on the membranous area. It is similar to B. oculosa and also shows similarities to species of the B. rufescens group. Description: d . Head: Ovoid, clypeus and labrum elongated; irons high, eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae bicoloured brown, basal segments and the two first flagellomeres yellowbrownish, the other flagellomeres dark brown; necks uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2.2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres dense, fine and shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Dark brown, mesonotum, scutellum and mediotergite with a dark central strip; mesonotum with very short, fine setae, lateral and scutellar setae short; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings glass-clear, anal area large and angular, Rt = 1/2 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y shorter x; bare; posterior veins very weak, without macrotrichia; halteres short with yellow ish heads; legs yellow-brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal. Claws strongly toothed. Abdomen: Dark brown, with brown setae; base of hypopygium with a membranous lobe without setae; the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles short, apex with short tooth and 3 somewhat longer subapical spines; tegmen higher than wide, rounded, with fine teeth; aedeagus rather short. Body length: 3 mm. 9 : unknown. Diagnosis: This new species is characterised by the shape of gonostyles and the large anal area of wings. It is an Holarctic example of Bradysia species, but has no definite connec tions with any of the species groups known at present. Description: d . Head: Eye bridge narrow, 2-3 facets wide; irons with few setae; anten nae uniform brown, necks rather short, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x Ion-ger than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part, surface smooth, palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Dark brown, mesonotum with short, fine setae, some slightly longer lateral and scutellar setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine, pale setae; wings pale, anal area large, Rj longer 1/2 R; R? with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y shorter x, with few macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellow-brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae subequal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with brown setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles apically with 6-7 spines, the lower two stron ger; tegmen rounded, with fine teeth; aedeagus rather short. Depository: Holotype and 9 paratypes in AMNH, 10 paratypes in CWMP.
Genus Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 The genus is distributed mainly within the Northern hemisphere. About 50 species from the Palaearctic Region (M enzel & M ohrig 2000)and 7 species from the Nearctical Region (Poole & Gentili 1996) are known, as well as few non revised species from other zoogeographic regions. The genus is well characterised by the distinct reduction of the length or complete absence of one spur on the mid and/or the hind tibiae. This characteristic is combined with a small comb-like row of bristles at the apex of the fore tibiae (as in Bradysia, but smaller), a very short Rj, rather wide and short flagellomeres, only two longer bristles on the posterior margin of the scutellum, untoothed tarsal claws and the lack of macrotrichia on posterior wing veins. The genus is divided in the two subgenera: Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 s. str. (gonostyle with a distinct apical tooth) and X enoppygina Frey, 1948 (gonostyle with apical spines only; sometimes difficult to separate from Bradysia species). Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara) ventosa M ohrig & Roschmann spec, nov, (Fig. 36) Diagnosis: This new species is similar to some Holarctic species of the Scatopsciara atomaria group by the simple shape of the gonostyles with a long apical tooth and few hya line subapical spines. The spurs of the mid and hind tibiae are rather long and distinctly unequal, IT short.
Description: 3 . Head: Eye bridge 2-3 facets wide: antennae uniform brown, necks rath er long, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres sparse and as long as the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1-3 bristles and a flat patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, fine setae, some slightly longer lateral and scutellar setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale, anal area large, Rj shorter 1/2 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y = 1/2 x; bare; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs yellowish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae rather long and unequal. Claws

untoothed.
Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles with a long apical tooth and 2-3 slightly shorter hyaline subapical spines; tegmen rounded; aedeagus rather short. S catopsciara (X enopygina) ca rib ia n a M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 37) Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the genus Scatopsciara by the unequal spurs of mid and hind tibiae. W ithin the genus it has similarities to some Palaearctic species around Sc. fritz i M ohrig & M enzel, 1992. It is similar to the next species Sc. abiecta. Description: 3 . Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown, necks rather long, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres sparse, bristle-like and longer than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, fine setae, some longer lateral setae, 2 longer scutellar setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale; short, = 1/2 R; R? with dorsal and ventral macrotrichia along whole length; C slightly longer 1/2 w; y = ¥2. x; bare; posterior veins without mac rotrichia; halteres short with darkened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a rather wide comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae distinctly unequal. Claws untoothed.
Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles elongate and narrow, with 3 spines, one more subapically; tegmen rounded; aedeagus rather short. Body length: 2 mm. $ : unknown. Locus typicus: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic): La Vega Prov., 21 km W Bonâo. Holotype: 1 3 , alt. 3.400 ft., 2. Aug. 1991, leg. D. Grimaldi & J. Stark. Paratypes: 1 3 , same data as holotype; 2 d'd'.L a Vega Prov., rd. to San Jose de Ocoa, 29. Jul. 1991;1 <3, Monte Plata, 9 km N Bayaguana, 8. Aug. 1991 S catopsciara (.X enopygina) a b iecta M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov.  Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the genus Scatopsciara by the unequal spurs of mid and hind tibiae. It is similar to Sc. caribiana and differs by the short flagellomeres, the lack of ventral macrotrichia on R? and shorter gonostyles with three spines at the apex. Description: <3. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown, flagellomeres short and rather wide, necks short, uniform colour; flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi threesegmented, basal segment with 3-4 bristles and a flat patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, brown setae, some lateral and 2 scutellar setae longer; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale, wide; Rt very short, = 1/3 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 1/ 2 w; y = x; bare; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres short with dark ened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with a comb-like row of bristles, one spur of mid tibiae very short; spurs of hind tibiae distinctly unequal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles narrow, with 3 equal spines, and a patch of short spine-like bristles lower; tegmen obtuse cone-shape; aedeagus rather short. Body length: 1.2 mm. $ : unknown. Diagnosis: This new species belongs to the genus Scatopsciara by the unequal spurs of mid and hind tibiae and a small comb of bristles at the inner apex of fore tibiae. A closely related species is unknown so at present it is placed in the Subgenus Xenopygina. Description: <5. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown, necks rather long, uniform brown; flagellomere 4 about 2.0 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres as long as the diameter of the basal part; palpi short, three-segmented, basal segment with 1 bristle and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Yellow-brown; katepisternum, lateral parts of the mesonotum, the scutellum and the mediotergite as well as the base of wings yellow; mesonotum with short, brown setae, longer lateral and two scutellar setae; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings slightly browned; wide; Rj very short, = 1/3 R; R5with only dorsal macrotrichia; C slightly longer 1/2 w; y = x; bare; posterior veins distinct and without macrotrichia; halteres short, with darkened heads; legs yellow; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at the inner apex with an almost comb-like row of bristles, spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and distinctly unequal; outer side of hind tibiae with a row of strong bristles. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Tergite brown, 1. and 2. sternite yellowish, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short se tae; gonostyles narrow, apex with setae, with 3 strong, short widely subapical spines in a ????cross-row; tegmen rounded, with a small area of teeth; aedeagus rather short. Body length: 1.5 mm. ? : unknown. .4 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1-2 bris tles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, brown setae, lateral and scutellar setae scarcely longer; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale; wide; Rj very short, = 1/3 R; R5 with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/ 3 w; y = x; bare; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres rather long with darkened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex with a comb-like row of rather long bristles; one spur of mid tibiae very short; spurs of hind tibiae dis tinctly unequal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with short setae; gonostyles excavated on dorsal side, with 3 strong spines, 2 near apex, 1 in the middle of the inner side, a few long setae between; tegmen obtuse cone-shape; aedeagus reduced with exception of the basal sclerite. We follow the genus concept of Tuomikoski (1960) with exception of species of the Corynoptera fu lvicollis group and the Corynoptera clausa group which were excluded by H ippa & Vilkamaa (1994) and H ippa et al. (2003) and placed in the new genera Camptochaeta H ippa & Vilamaa and Claustropyga. H ippa, Vilkamaa & M ohrig. The species-rich genus Corynoptera is mainly distributed within the Northern hemisphere, Micronesia (Steffan 1969) and New Zealand (M ohrig & Jaschhof 1999). Within the Palaearctic Region about 140 species belonging to 15 quite well characterised spe cies groups (M enzel & M ohrig 2000) are known. 13 species of Corynoptera are known from the Baltic and Saxonian amber (M ohrig & R oschmann 1994, R oschmann & M ohrig 1994a, b; 1995a, b, c). The genus is well characterised by the single bristle on the basal segment of palpi (rarely there are two), only two longer bristles on the posterior margin of the scutellum and the hind tibiae with a well developed row of short posterodorsale spine-like bristles. The posterior wing veins are without macrotrichia, the tibiae of the mid and hind legs have two subequal spurs and the tarsal claws are untoothed (in Holarctic species). All other Diagnosis may be very different, especially the shape of gonostyles, the tegmen and the bristle-patch on the apex of fore tibiae.
C oryn optera turbata M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 41) Diagnosis: This new species is placed into the genus Corynoptera by the single bristle on the basal segment of palpi, the two long scutellar bristles and the shape of flagellomeres. The shape of the tegmen is also typical in the Palaearctic species of the Corynoptera p á r vula group. It is undoubtedly related to the following species (differences see below). Description: 3 . Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae short, uniform brown, necks rather short, uniform brown; flagellomere 4 about 1.2 x longer than wide, setae of flagel-lomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1 bristle and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown; mesonotum with short, brown setae, lateral and 2 scutellar setae longer; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale; R, =2/3 R; R? only distally with ventral macrotrichia; C slightly longer 1/2 w; y = x; with 1-2 macrotrichia; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short, with darkened heads; legs brownish; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex without a distinct patch of bristles, with only a few longer bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and equal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short setae; gonostyles long-ovoid, with 2 stronger spines; tegmen distinctly wide, laterally angled, with a small area of teeth; aedeagus short. Body length: 2 mm. 9 : unknown. C oryn optera sicca M ohrig & Róschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 42) Diagnosis: This new species is placed into the genus Corynoptera by the two strong scu tellar bristles and the untoothed claws. The wide and angled tegmen and the gonostyles, dorsally excavated on the inner side, are similar to species of the Holarctic distributed Corynoptera p a rvu la group. Description: c?. Head: Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae rather short, uniform brown, necks rather long, uniform brown; flagellomere 4 about 2.0 x longer than wide, setae of flagellomeres shorter than the diameter of the basal part; palpi three-segmented, basal segment with 1-2 bristles and a patch of sensillae. Thorax: Brown; mesonotum with short, brown setae, lateral and 2 scutellar setae longer; postpronotum bare, antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale; Rj = 2/3 R; R? only distally with ventral macrotrichia; C 2/3 w; y = x; bare; posterior veins without macrotrichia; halteres short, with darkened heads; legs yellow; tarsi darkened; fore tibiae at inner apex without a distinct patch of bristles, with only a few longer bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae long and subequal. Claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather sparse, short setae; base of hypopygium and the inner ventral margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short setae; gonostyles curved; apex narrowed, distinctly excavated at inner dorsal side, with 2 stronger spines and few bristles apically; tegmen distinctly wide, laterally angled, with a small area of teeth; aedeagus rather short. Approximately 10 described species of the genus K eilbachia are distributed in the east ern Palaearctic Region, chiefly from Nepal (M ohrig & M artens 1987, M enzel & M artens 1995, M ohrig et al. 1999). Two species are known from Japan and north ern Europe (H ippa & Vilkamaa 1994(H ippa & Vilkamaa , M ohrig & M enzel 1992. Only one species is known from the Nearctic Region (Sciara ra<?g/i?£*z J ohannsen, 1912). It is assumed that the evolutionary centre of this genus is found in the Eastern Palaearctic and perhaps in the Central Oriental Region. The genus is characterised by the rather simple gonostyles, narrowed to the apex, with one tooth or few short apical spines or only setae. The gonostyles are excavated on the inner dorsal side and have a long curved spine on a (usually) large protuberance in the middle or lower (often near the base). In many species, this spine is a long, strong, curved whip lash spine but in a few species is separated into two or more long, thin flagellar-like spines. In all known species, the basal segment of palpi has only one single bristle, as is usual in Corynoptera species. The bristle patch at the apex of the fore tibiae usually has a semicircular margin, rarely it is indistinct and without any margin.
K eilb a ch ia p a u cip a lp a M ohrig & Roschmann spec. nov. (Fig. 43) Diagnosis: The new species is a typical K eilbachia by the long curved whip lash spine on the inner side of the gonostyles and one bristle at the basal segment of palpi. It is similar to the one known species of the Nearctic Region, Sciara neglecta J ohannsen. K. p a u ci pa lpa differs by the three subapical spines, a longer whip lash spine and the simple row of bristles, without semicircular margin. Description. <3. Head. Eye bridge 3 facets wide; antennae uniform brown; palpi three segmented, very short, basal segment wide, short club-shape, with 1 bristle; segments 2 and 3 short, roundish. Thorax: Brown; mesonotum with rather long, brownish setae, with some stronger dorsocentral and lateral bristles; scutellum with 2 strong, posterior bristles and few short setae. Postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, rather long setae; wings pale; R t = D R; R$ with only dorsal macrotrichia; C = 2/3 w; y shorter x, bare; M and CU without macrotrichia. Halteres short, with darkened heads; legs brown; apex of fore tibia with an indistinct row of dark bristles, without semicircular margin; spurs of the mid and hind tibia equal and longer than the diameter of the apex; tarsal claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, with rather long setae; hypopygium ventrally on the inner margin of gonocoxites indistinct and with rather long setae; gonostyles slightly curved, apically M ohrig, W., Roschmann, F. & c Rulik, B.: Hie fauna of sciarid flies narrowly rounded and with 3 subapical spines; inner side flatly excavated with a long, strong, curved whip lash spine in the middle; tegmen with lateral corners, wide; aedeagus rather long. Body length: 2 mm. 9 . unknown. Locus typicus: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic): Duarte Prov., 13 km N San Francisco de Macoris. Holotype: 1 d\ alt. 800 ft., Malaise trap in cloud forest, Jul. 1991, leg. V. Almanzar. Paratype: 1 <?, same data as holotype. Depository: Holotype in AMNH, paratype in CWMP.

Genus E p id a p u s Haliday in Walker, 1851
The description of the genus was based on the well known Palaearctic species E. a to ma riu s (D e Geer), E. g r a cilis (W alker) and E. m icroth ora x (Borner). In recent years more than 20 species were described as new or new combined (M ohrig et al. 1990(M ohrig et al. , M ohrig & D imitrova 1993(M ohrig et al. , M ohrig & Kauschke 1994(M ohrig et al. , M ohrig & M enzel 1992(M ohrig et al. , R ulik et al. 1999) and the investigation of this genus has been completed in nearly all diagnosis. Usually, males of most Holarctic species are easily recognized by the long flagellomeres, long halteres, long legs, narrow base of wings and one-segmented palpi. Few species from the Mediterranean Europe show differences in one to three of these diagnosis. Species found in New Zealand (M ohrig & Jaschhof 1999) and Central America (M ohrig 2003) demonstrate quite new and unusual diagnosis so that we are a long way from a complete picture of this difficult genus. Diagnosis are a globular head; antennae usually long, flagellomere 4 about 3-5 x longer than wide with distinct and long necks; palpi with tendency toward reduction, usually 1 or 2-segmented, basal segment usually without a sensory pit; scutellum usually with two strong posterior and two weaker latero-posterior setae; wings usually with a reduced anal angle and bare and evanescent posterior veins; halteres in most species unusually long; legs rather long, many species with elongated coxae, femora and tibiae; fore tibia usually without a distinct patch of bristles at apex; mid and hind tibial spurs slightly shorter than diameter of the tibial apex; male genitalia within the typical species of Epidapus s. str. with rather short gonostyles with a moderately strong tooth at the apex and some spine like bristles, in other species without an apical tooth, but with spines of different size and arrangement. The females differ from the male in shorter flagellomeres and the absent or strongly reduced wings and halteres in most Palaearctic species. Up to now the species of Epidapus have been seen as a young evolutionary group of sciarids (Frey 1942) because of their tendency toward reduction of constitutive mor phologic structures in connection with the unusual specialisation of long halteres. New data presented from investigations of the sciarid fauna of tertiary wood formations and by analysis of inclusions in Baltic amber demonstrated that typical Epidapus species were living in the Oligocene with an age of at least 35 million years ( This small species is characterized through the long, narrow gonostyles, densely covered with microtrichia, and with a short tooth below the short setose apex. The palpi are onesegmented, the coxae and legs long and the wings relatively narrow. It was described from Costa Rica. Diagnosis: The new species is in most Diagnosis (short gonostyles with a strong api cal tooth, one-segmented palpi, wide tegmen, lack of distinct bristle patch at the inner apex of the fore tibiae, short and thin tibial spurs) a typical Epidapus in the sense of the Holarctic species. Short halteres and wider wings seems to be a normal picture of a rein stallation of apomorphic Diagnosis. Description: c?. Head: Roundish; eye bridge wide, 3-4 facets wide above the ocellae; antennae rather long; necks half as long as the basal part; flagellomere 2 about 2 x longer than wide; setae of flagellomeres bristle-like, dense and longer than the diameter of the basal part, palpi one-segmented; sensillae at the apex. Thorax: Yellow-ochreous, mesonotum with moderately long setae, 2-3 stronger lateral and 2 stronger scutellar setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic epi sternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale, wide and with a well developed anal angle; Rj = 1/2 R; R5 in the distal half with ventral macrotrichia; C = 2/3; y = 2x, with macrotrichia; M-fork short and rather wide, CuA-stem short; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres short, darkened; coxae somewhat elongated; legs of normal size; apex of fore tibia without a distinct patch of bristles; spurs of mid and hind tibiae short, fine and subequal, tarsal claws untoothed. Abdomen: Yellow-ochreous, tergal and sternal setae sparse and moderately short; genita lia ventrally with sparse, short setae, also inner margin of gonocoxites; gonocoxites rather short and strong; gonostyles rather short, with only a strong apical tooth; tegmen wider than high, with very fine teeth, aedeagus very short. Diagnosis: The new species is in most Diagnosis typical of Epidapus from the Holarctic region. It belongs to the subgenus Pseudoaptanogyna by the absence of an apical tooth and is characterised by two subequal apical spines. Description: <?. Head: Roundish; eye bridge wide, 3 facets wide above the ocellae, 2 facets wide laterally; antennae long; necks shorter than half of the basal part; flagellomere 4 about 2.4 x longer than wide; setae of flagellomeres sparse and bristle-like, longer than the diam eter of the basal part, palpi short rounded, one-segmented, with sensillae at the apex. Thorax: Brown, mesonotum with short, sparse setae, 1-2 stronger lateral and 2 scutellar stronger setae; postpronotum bare; antepronotum and prethoracic episternum with sparse, fine setae; wings pale; Rj short, = 1/3 R; R5 rather short, with sparse macrotrichia; C = 4/5 w; y short, = l/3x, without macrotrichia; posterior veins weak and without macrotrichia; halteres slightly elongated, darkened; coxae somewhat elongated; legs of normal size; apex of fore tibia without a distinct patch of bristles, only with some longer setae; spurs of mid and hind tibiae short, fine and subequal, tarsal claws untoothed. Abdomen: Brown, tergal and sternal setae sparse and moderately short; genitalia ven trally and inner margin of gonocoxites with sparse, short setae; gonostyles short and strongly narrowed with two subequal apical spines; tegmen wider than high, rounded, and sclerotised in basal part.

Discussion
This paper is the first comprehensive study of sciarids within the Caribbean faunistic area. Earlier reports on Caribbean sciarid flies were of only minor significance, includ ing the description of 7 species by W illiston (1896) from St. Vincent, some species of Pseudosciara and Bradysia by Lane (1959a, b; Lengersdorf 1930Lengersdorf , 1940Lengersdorf , 1944M ohrig 2003). The sciarid fauna of the USA has been studied in accor dance with centers of taxonomic activity, mainly from northeastern states and Canada (Johannsen 1912;Pettey 1918;Shaw 1934Shaw , 1941Shaw , 1953a Lane (1959b), but the taxonomy is not yet cer tain concerning the synonomy of many species which have very uniform male hypopygia. The genus is of South American origin and includes only a few species in Mesoamerica and in the southern parts of the USA (e.g. Sciara fo rcep s Pettey, 1918). Nearly all species of B ra d y sia from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico display to the generic features of Holarctic species. Six of the 15 species belong to the B. hilaris group. This group has a few species in the Nearctic Region and Europe, but they are very species rich in the eastern parts of the Palaearctic Region, Papua New Guinea and eastern parts of southern Africa (unpublished data). Three species belong to the B. am oena group known also from the Holarctic. One of the species, B. ocellaris (C omstock, 1882) has been re ported from the USA, Europe and Africa. It is often associated with greenhouses and is perhaps spread by humans. One species belongs to the B. brunnipes group and is similar to B. forcipu lata (Lundbeck, 1898)  The two species of C oryn op tera have similarities to the mainly Palaearctic C. parvula group, based on the wide tegmen and the excavated or flattened inner side of the gonostyles. This genus K eilb a ch ia was described from Nepal (M ohrig 1987). Out of Nepal this genus shows a dispersed distribution -one species in northern Europe, one in Japan, one in North America. The Dominican species is similar to the American and Palaearctic spe cies and represents a Holarctic origin. Little is known of the taxonomic situation within the genus P seu d o ly co riella , so that comparison with Old World species is presently impossible. The 13 Caribbean species represent three groups of closely related species. P seudolycoriella fuscivenosa, Psl. indocera and Psl. florentissim a have narrow and elongate gonostyles and two rather short subapi cal spines like the Palaearctic Psl. bruckii group (M enzel & M ohrig 2000). The four species Psl. torva, Psl. bicornis, Psl. p u lla and Psl. barbata represent the new proposed Psl. torva group, characterised by longer curved and apically narrowed gonostyles (sometimes somewhat excavated on the inner side) with two long apical spines and a more or less weakly developed patch of specialized bristles at the apex of the fore tibiae. In this group also belongs Psl. bicornis (M enzel, 1997) from Cuba. Psl. zealandica (Edwards, 1927) from New Zealand shows some similarities with this new species group. The five species Psl. aculeacea, Psl. ovistyla, Psl. subovistyla, Psl. rotundostyla, Psl. virgata belong to the newly proposed Psl. aculeacera group. The group is characterised by large gonostyles that are widely rounded at apex with more than one or two apical/subapical spines on the gonostyles, and a lack of a semicircular or ovoid structure on the apical margin of the tegmen. They show no similarities with Old World species and may be of South American origin.       '.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/