New and poorly known Epermeniidae from the Neotropical, Australasian, Oriental and Palaearctic Regions

As the result of the study of Epermeniidae collected in the Neotropical, Australasian, Oriental and Palaearctic Regions, two species (Epermenia ( Cal ot ri pi s) brasiliana G a ed ik e & B e c k er , 1989 and Epermenia (Cataplectica) sin ica G a e d ik e , 1996) were newly recorded in three countries. Epermenia (Cataplectica) nepalica G a e d ik e , 1996 and Epermenia (Epermeniola) ca ledon ica (G a e d ik e , 1981), previously only known from the types, were found a second time. The male genitalia of E. ca ledon ica are described for the first time, and a new subgeneric placement established. The following taxa are described as new: Epermenia (Calotripis) boliv iana sp. n., Epermenia (C alotrip is)parastolidota sp. n., Epermenia (Epermeniola) davisi sp. n., Epermenia (Epermeniola) bicuspis sp. n., Epermenia (Cataplectica) pu lchok icola sp. n., and Parochrom olopis g ie lis i sp. n.


Introduction
In the past, through the courtesy of several colleagues, it was possible for me to study numerous hitherto undetermined Epermeniidae.As a result it is now possible to present new records of spe cies previously only known from the type.It was possible to describe the male of one species for the first time together with a new combination.Additionally, six new species were established, which are described below.The material studied is deposited in the collections of several museums.DOI: 1 0 .2 1 2 4 8 /co n trib .entom ol.60.1.57-70
Male genitalia : Uncus long, thin, pointed; tegumen edged apically; valva with point ed bent ampulla, as long as cucullus, and distinct sclerotized border; sacculus with narrow top; phallus as long as valva, cornutus approximately a third of the length, with parallel sides, trun cated apically.
Etymology: Named after the country in which the species was collected.

Remarks:
The colouration makes the new species distinctive.
Description (Fig. 2): Wingspan 16 mm; head from neck to the area below the palpi creamy, laterally brownish grey, palpi brownish grey, inner side lighter, tip of last segment creamy; thorax creamy, tegulae light brown; forewing creamy, with a pattern of brown and dark brown scales; two dark brown, nearly black, two tufts of raised scales at 1/3 and 1/2, an indication of a third tuft at 3/4 at dorsum; on the cell below the first tuft and at 3/4 each a small dark dot; costa on the first fourth, a patch be low the first tuft, and the apical fourth suffused with darker scales; cilia around apex dark brown, sickle-shaped; the dorsum from base to the first tuft creamy; nearly the whole wing is covered with creamy lines below the veins, the spaces are overlaid with darker or with light brown scales.

Remarks:
Superficially similar to stolidota, but the size is distinctly smaller.Clearly distuingishable by the genitalia structure.The new species has a funnel-shaped ostium, contrasting with the ring-shaped ostium in stolidota, and with a larger signum.The possibility to study the male genitalia of this species for the first time shows that caledonica belongs to the subgenus Epermeniola, and not to the subgenus Calotripis as was mentioned in the original description.The specimens are in better condition than the holotype, so that it is possible to provide an additional decription.
Redescription (Figs 3-4): Wingspan 10 -12 mm; Head, palpi and thorax brown grey, antenna nearly as long as the lenght of the forewing, flagellum of the male ciliate, ciliae appr.1.5 times longer than the diameter of the flagellum segments, flagellum of the female without ciliae.Forewing with tufts of raised black scales at 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 3/4 at dorsum, the last two tufts very small, partly only as an indication; on the cell, below the first tuft, and at 3/4, each a black dot, the first is very small, often invisible, the second larger, elongated; costa basally and from 1/2 to 3/4 dark grey brown, other parts ot the costa creamy; apex dark grey brown too, fringes with two black sickle-shaped scale-lines; on the cell, on both sides of the second black dot a light brown area; hindwings grey.Description (Fig. 5): Wingspan 11 mm; head, palpi and scapus creamy, outside of palpi overlaid with some darker scales; antenna nearly as long as the forewing; thorax creamy, tegulae basally darker; forewing with two dark tufts of raised scales at 1/2 and 2/3 at dorsum; from base to the first tuft light creamy, following by a broad dark brown-grey triangular-shaped stripe from the first tuft to costa and along the costa up to 3/4; the forewing below this area yellow, between the dark and the yellow area a clear white border with characteristic pattern (see fig. 5); apex black, between apex and the yellow area two short blackish stripes, edged whitish; fringes below apex with two short sickle shaped dark scale lines; hindwing grey.from base of the transtilla oblique to the ventral edge a broad bristled strip; cucullus more than twice as long as ampulla, oval, rounded; phallus as long as the valva, without cornuti; anellus folded, basally curved.
Etymology: Named after D on R. Davis, the collector of this new taxon.

Remarks:
The characteristic pattern of the forewing distuingishes the new species from all other known species in this subgenus.

Material:
Holotype S , "NEPAL, 27°40'N 85°25'E Godavari, 15 km SE Kathmandu, 1500 m, 23 25.5.1996,Exp. A. Albrecht, O. Bistrom, K. M ikkola & A. Wikberg;" "Gen.prap.[geni talia slide] Gaedike NR. 5792;" "Holotype S , Epermenia (Epermeniola) bicuspis sp.n. det.R. Gaedike 2010;" FM NH Description (Fig. 6): Wingspan 12 mm; head, palpi, thorax brown grey, scales bicoloured light-dark, head below palpi and the inside of the palpi lighter; scapus with pecten; the outside of the palpi and the legs overlaid with numerous dark scales, the proximal end of the hind femur with ring-shaped black marking; forewing narrow, with two tufts of raised scales at 1/3 and 1/2 at dorsum, apically an indication of an additional tuft; on cell, below the second tuft and at 3/4 each a black dot, the second dot larger than the first dot; the area below the first tuft and the apical half of the forewing brown, along whole costa short dark stripes, before the apex a larger dark patch, on fringes two sickle-shaped lines of dark scales; hindwing grey.
Male genitalia (Figs 22-24): Uncus long, thin, pointed, tegumen broad, proximally with stronger sclerotized edge; valva with slightly curved ampulla, with distinctly stronger sclerotized border; sacculus with pointed top; cucullus longer than the ampulla; phallus longer than the valva, with two cornuti: the first one about half of the length, narrow, basally broader, proximally blunt, the second one stronger sclerotized as the first cornutus, short, consists of two pointed thorns, basally two very small additional thorns.
Etymology: Named after the characteristically shaped cornutus.

Remarks:
The new species is superficially similar to the other members of the subgenus, but the structure of the genitalia (the cornutus) is a distinctive characteristic of this taxon.Description (Fig. 7): Wingspan 17 mm; head, and palpi brown-grey, inside of the palpi paler; tegulae and first half of the thorax also brown-grey, the second half of the thorax lighter brown; forewing with two tufts of raised black scales at dorsum at 1/3 and 1/2; on the end of the cell, at 3/4, a small black dot, an indication of a second black dot on the cell below the first tuft; nearly the whole costa with a narrow row of dark grey scales; the area from the first tuft oblique to costa at 1/2 to apex clay-col oured, the basal half of the forewing creamy, only below the base a clay coloured patch; on fringes a sickle-shaped line of dark scales; hindwing light shining.
Etymology: Named after the location (Mt.Pulchoki) at which the holotype was found.

Remarks:
The pattern of the forewing distinguishes the new species from E. nepalica, which is nearly unicolourous grey-brown.Clear differences are visible in the genitalia structure: E. pulchokicola with narrow, long uncus, valva with clear transtilla, a distinctly pointed tip of sacculus, cornutus about a half of the diameter of the phallus; E. nepalica with short, broader uncus, no clear transtilla, sacculus with smaller tip, cornutus nearly as broadas the diameter of the phallus.

Material:
Holotype ?, "ARGENTINA, Jujuy, P.N.Calilegua, Mirador, 800 m, 20.xi.1995 Wingspan 14 -15 mm; head and palpi brown, palpi long, straight, the proximal segment directed upward, the second segment covered with long (ca.twice as long as the diameter of the segment) grey brown scales, directed upward (see fig. 8); thorax brown, tegulae and tip of last thoracic seg ment overlaid with darker scales; forewing narrow, with tufts of raised scales at 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 at dorsum, the third tuft very small; costa basally with a distinct black patch, the basal third of the forewing lighter brown than the other part, forewing brown from the end of the first tuft to apex with a pattern of nearly black patches and stripes on the cell, apex brown, bordered with black stripe; fringes below the apex brown; hindwing grey.
Male genitalia (Fig. 28): Uncus long, pointed, tegumen edged basally and proximally; valva with a very long transtilla, costal edge proximally pointed, slightly longer than the rounded end of the valva; in the proximal half two pointed sclerotizations, somewhat hook-shaped, the first with a long rod-shaped sclerotization, parallel to costa, the second with a shorter bristled base; phallus appr.1.5 times as long as the valva, narrowing apically from rounded base, cornutus a third of the length of the phallus, basally pointed, proximally truncate; anellus a large ring.
Female genitalia (Figs 29-30): Proximal edge of the VIII segment invaginated, with two rounded lobi lateral of ostium; nearly the whole ductus bursae strongly sclerotized with very small tuber cles; corpus bursae with numerous semicircular sclerotizations, signum oval, edges dentate, with many rows of small thorns.
Etymology: Named after my colleague C ees Gielis, the collector of this new species.

Remarks:
The new species is clearly distinguishable by the characteristic shape of the palpi and the narrow forewing.The shape of the valva and the lobi on the VIII segment are distinct differences in the genitalia structures., tf : (14 -uncus-tegumen; 15 -valva; 16 -phallus-anellus).