Three new species of Domene from China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)

Three species of Domene Fauvel, 1873 from China, are described and illustrated: Domene (Macromene) affimbriata spec. nov. (southeastern Yunnan: Dawei Shan near Pingbian), D. (M.) praefigens spec. nov. (eastern Yunnan: region to the north, northwest, and northeast of Kunming), and D. (M.) emeiana spec. nov. (Sichuan: Emei Shan). The distributions of the new species and other named species of the genus in China and Taiwan are mapped. Domene now includes 64 named species, 15 of which have been recorded from China (13) and Taiwan (2).


Introduction
The lathrobiine genus Domene Fauvel, 1873, whose distribution is confined to the southern Palaearctic region and adjacent parts of the Oriental region (North Vietnam, North Burma, Laos), was previously represented by 61 described species in six subgenera of partly doubtful status.Four of these subgenera with a total of 42 species are confined to the West Palaearctic: the nominate subgenus (22 species, including D. giachinoi Assing, 2007, D. miranda Assing, 2010, and D. ziui Pavićević et al., 2014), Lathromene Koch, 1938(10 species), Canariomene Oromí & Hernández, 1986(5 species), and Spelaeomene EspaÑol, 1977 (5 species).The East Palaearctic and North Oriental Domene fauna comprises 19 described species, one of doubtful generic assignment from North India in Neodomene Blackwelder, 1939 and18 in Macromene Coiffait, 1982.Species of Macromene have been recorded from China (10 species), Taiwan (2), Japan (5), Russia (2), Korea (2), North Vietnam (1), and Burma (1).Females of two additional undescribed species have been reported from China and northern Laos (Assing & Feldmann 2014;Feldmann et al. 2014).The five species currently assigned to the genus Nipponolathrobium Watanabe, 2012, all of them confined to Japan, probably belong to Macromene, too.The present study is based on Staphylinidae material collected during a field trip conducted by Michael Schülke (Berlin) and the author to eastern Yunnan, as well as on material collected by Vasily Grebennikov (Ottawa) in the Emei Shan, Sichuan.This material included numerous undescribed species, among them three of Domene.

Material and methods
The material treated in this study is deposited in the following collections: The morphological studies were conducted using a Stemi SV 11 microscope (Zeiss Germany) and a Jenalab compound microscope (Carl Zeiss Jena).The images of external characters and of the aedeagi in dry preparation were created using a photographing device constructed by Arved Lompe (Nienburg) and CombineZ software.

CAS
A digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 995) was used for the remaining photographs.The map was created using MapCreator 2.0 (primap) software.Body length was measured from the anterior margin of the mandibles (in resting position) to the abdominal apex, the length of the forebody from the anterior margin of the mandibles to the posterior margin of the elytra, head length from the anterior margin of the frons to the posterior constriction of the head, elytral length at the suture from the apex of the scutellum to the posterior margin of the elytra (at the suture), and the length of the aedeagus from the apex of the ventral process to the base of the aedeagal capsule.The "parameral" side (i.e., the side where the sperm duct enters) is referred to as the ventral, the opposite side as the dorsal aspect.

Etymology:
The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: not fimbriate) alludes to the absence of a palisade fringe at the posterior margin of the male tergite VII.
Description: Body length 10.5-11.5 mm; length of forebody 5.7-6.1 mm.Forebody as in Fig. 1.Coloration: body black, except for the reddish posterior margins of the abdominal segments VII and VIII; legs with the femora blackish-brown (base only slightly and narrowly paler), the protibiae brown to dark-brown, the meso-and metatibiae yellowish to yellowish-brown, and the tarsi dark-yellowish; antennae dark-reddish to reddish-brown (apical half usually slightly paler than basal half) with antennomere I more or less extensively blackish.Head (Fig. 2) approximately as broad as long or weakly transverse, widest behind eyes; punctation rather fine, distinctly umbilicate, and very dense, rendering the surface rather matt.Eyes approximately half as long as temples from posterior margin of eye to posterior constriction in dorsal view, or slightly longer.Antenna (Fig. 3) 3.7-4.2mm long and rather slender.Pronotum (Fig. 4  ventral process very slender, distinctly curved at apical third in lateral view; dorsal plate lamellate and moderately sclerotized, with long apical and very short, weakly sclerotized basal portion; internal sac with a semi-transparent apical structure and with additional membranous structures. : sternite VIII (Fig. 11) weakly transverse, posterior margin truncate in the middle; tergite IX (Fig. 12) with rather long and apically acute postero-lateral processes; tergite X (Fig. 12) posteriorly acute in the middle.
Comparative notes: Based on the external (surface of elytra very uneven and with irregular longitudinal ridges; hind wings and palisade fringe at the posterior margin of tergite VII reduced) and particularly on the male sexual characters (sternite VII without modified setae; sternite VIII with pair of clusters of modified setae posteriorly; aedeagus relatively small in relation to body size and with very slender ventral process), D. affimbriata is most closely allied to D. immarginata Assing & Feldmann, 2014 from western Yunnan (Map 1), a species of the D. scabri pennis group.The new species is distinguished from the similar D. immarginata by the somewhat finer punctation of the head and pronotum, the nearly completely blackish-brown femora (D. immarginata: basal half reddish to dark-reddish), the distinctly shallower and broader posterior excision of the male sternite VIII, and the differently shaped ventral process of the aedeagus (D. immarginata: ventral process curved in the middle), the shape of the posterior margin of the female sternite VIII (D. immargi nata: weakly convex in the middle), and by the slightly longer and more slender postero-lateral processes of the female tergite IX.For illustrations of D. immarginata see Assing & Feldmann (2014).

Distribution and natural history:
The type locality is situated in the Dawei Shan Virgin Forest Park near Pingbian in southeastern Yunnan (Map 1), not far from the border with Vietnam.The specimens were sifted from leaf litter in a primary subtropical broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 2100 m.

Etymology:
The specific epithet is the present participle of the Latin verb praefigere (to pierce) and alludes to the acute ventral process of the aedeagus.
Description: Body length 10.0-12.0mm; length of forebody 5.6-6.0 mm.Forebody as in Fig. 13.Coloration: body black, except for the reddish posterior margins of the abdominal segments VII and VIII; legs with the profemora blackish, the meso-and metafemora distinctly bicoloured (basal half yellowish, apical half blackish), the protibiae reddish-brown to dark-brown, the meso-and metatibiae yellowish to yellowish-brown, the protarsi dark-brown, and the meso-and metatarsi reddish; antennae dark-brown, with the apical four antennomeres often paler brown.Head (Fig. 14) more or less distinctly oblong, 1.06-1.11times as long as broad; punctation rather fine, distinctly umbilicate, and very dense, rendering the surface rather matt.Eyes approximately half as long as temples from posterior margin of eye to posterior constriction in dorsal view, or slightly longer.Antenna (Fig. 15) 3.6-3.9mm long and moderately slender.Pronotum (Fig. 16) slender, 1.22-1.25 times as long as broad and approximately as broad as head, widest anteriorly and weakly tapering posteriad; punctation similar to that of head; midline with or without short and very narrow rudiment of a glossy line posteriorly.Elytra (Fig. 17) 0.90-0.98times as long as pronotum; disc with weakly pronounced, narrow and long lateral ridges and with rudiments of such ridges anteriorly, near scutellum with a weak elevation, without distinct impressions; suture elevated; macropunctation coarse, irregular; interstices with irregular micropunctation.Hind wings present.Protarsomeres I-IV with weakly pronounced sexual dimorphism.Abdomen narrower than elytra; punctation extremely fine and dense; anterior impressions of tergites III-VI coarsely and somewhat rugosely sculptured; interstices with distinct microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; tergite VIII with posterior margin obtusely angled or convex in the middle.: protarsomeres I-IV moderately strongly dilated; sternite VII (Fig. 18) strongly tranverse, approximately twice as broad as long (length measured along the middle), with pronounced and extensive median impression, this impression with numerous strongly modified, short and stout black setae posteriorly, posterior margin broadly and deeply concave; sternite VIII (Fig. 19) distinctly transverse and with pronounced oblong postero-median impression, in lateral and anterior portions of this impression and on either side of the posterior excision with numerous strongly modified, short and stout black setae; posterior excision somewhat U-shaped, approximately 0.2 times as deep as length of sternite; aedeagus (Figs 20-23) approximately 1.6 mm long; ventral process ventrally sharply keeled and apically acute; dorsal plate with apical portion distinctly sclerotized, basally broad and apically narrowly convex, and with basal portion weakly sclerotized and short; internal sac with dark membranous apical structures and with a large dark broadly U-shaped basal sclerite.: protarsomeres I-IV distinctly dilated, but slightly less so than in male; sternite VIII (Fig. 24) approximately as long as broad and with broadly convex posterior margin; tergite IX with moderately long and apically acute postero-lateral processes; tergite X flat and slightly longer than antero-median portion of tergite IX.

Comparative notes:
In external and sexual characters, D. praefigens is most similar to D. cuspidata Feldmann & Peng, 2014, a species recorded from Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan (Map 1), from which it differs by the coloration (D. cuspidata: humeral angles of the elytra with a reddish spot; legs uniformly yellowish to reddish), by the more deeply and broadly concave posterior margin of the male sternite VII, by the shape and chaetotaxy of the male sternite VII (D. cuspidata: posterior excision distinctly less deep and broadly V-shaped; median portion of posteromedian impression more narrowly without setae), by the larger aedeagus with a more slender ventral process (D. cuspidata: aedeagus approximately 1.4 mm long), by the shape of the dorsal plate in lateral view, and by the less strongly convex posterior margin of the female sternite VIII.For illustrations of D. cuspidata see Feldmann et al. (2014).

Distribution and natural history:
The species was collected in several localities in the region to the north, northeast, and northwest of Kunming, eastern Yunnan (Map 1).The specimens were sifted from litter, particularly from deep litter layers partly under heaps of dead branches, in mixed forests and in a secondary pine forest with scattered alder at altitudes of 2280-2390 m.Some of the paratypes are slightly to distinctly teneral.

Etymology:
The specific epithet (adjective) is derived from the name of the mountain, where the species was discovered.
Description: Body length 8.0-9.50 mm; length of fore body 4.4-4.7 mm.Forebody as in Fig. 25.Coloration: forebody brown, with the humeral angles of the elytra mostly slightly and indistinctly paler; abdomen bicoloured, with segments III-VI dark-yellowish to reddish, segment VII infuscate with the anterior portion broadly, and the posterior margin narrowly yellowish to reddish, segment VIII with the anterior half and the posterior margin yellowish and with a broad transverse brown band in posterior half, segments IX-X darkyellowish to pale-reddish; legs dark-yellowish; antennae dark-reddish, with antennomere XI apically paler.Head (Fig. 26) of conspicuously subcircular to oval shape, 1.05-1.10times as long as broad; punctation rather fine, distinctly umbilicate, and very dense, rendering the surface rather matt.Eyes relatively small, 0.3-0.4times as long as temples from posterior margin of eye to posterior constriction in dorsal view.Antenna (Fig. 27) 3.0-3.3mm long and moderately slender.Pronotum (Fig. 28) slender, approximately 1.25 times as long as broad and 0.95-1.00times as broad as head, lateral margins subparallel in the middle; punctation similar to that of head; midline with very short and narrow rudiment of a glossy line posteriorly, this glossy line with a fine median furrow.Elytra (Fig. 29) short and slender, only approximately 0.6 times as long and 0.95 times as broad as pronotum; disc distinctly and extensively impressed anteriorly, without longitudinal ridges; punctation irregular and dense, very coarse in anterior half and less coarse posteriorly, partly rugose; suture elevated; Hind wings completely reduced.Protarsomeres I-IV with distinct sexual dimorphism.Abdomen 1.2 times as broad as elytra; punctation extremely fine and dense; anterior impressions of tergites III-VI coarsely and somewhat rugosely sculptured; interstices with shallow microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII without palisade fringe; tergite VIII with posterior margin obtusely angled or convex in the middle (Fig. 37).: protarsomeres I-IV strongly dilated; sternites V and VI with shallow and rather small postero-median impression (Fig. 30); sternite VII (Figs 30-31) conspicuously tranverse, more than twice as broad as long (length measured along the middle), with pronounced and extensive median impression, this impression with numerous strongly modified, short and stout black setae in characteristic arrangement, posterior margin broadly concave; sternite VIII (Figs 30, 32) strongly transverse, nearly 1.5 times as broad as long, with a rather pronounced oblong postero-median impression with a (posteriorly denser) cluster of numerous strongly modified, short and stout black setae, posterior margin with a long and nearly acute process on either side of the U-shaped posterior excision; aedeagus (Figs 33-36) approximately 1.5 mm long and of very distinctive morphology; ventral process massive, blade-shaped, and strongly sclerotized; dorsal plate distinctly sclerotized, basally lamellate and apically extending into a narrow and acute process; internal sac with dark sclerites and with apical structure of distinctive shape.
: protarsomeres I-IV distinctly dilated, but somewhat less so than in male; sternite VIII (Fig. 38) distinctly transverse, approximately 1.35 times as broad as long, and with broadly convex posterior margin; tergite IX (Fig. 39) with very short antero-median portion and with relatively short and apically acute postero-lateral processes; tergite X flat and approximately 3.5 times as long as antero-median portion of tergite IX (Fig. 39).
Comparative notes: This highly distinctive species is separated from all other Domene species recorded from China by numerous external and sexual characters, i.e., the coloration of the abdomen, the nearly circular head, the smaller eyes, distinctly shorter and more slender elytra, the conspicuous shapes and chaetotaxy of the male sternites VII and VIII, the completely different morphology of the aedeagus (shapes of ventral process, of dorsal plate, and of internal structures), the strongly transverse female sternite VIII, and the remarkably short antero-median portion of the female tergite IX.Except for D. immarginata and D. affimbriata, it is additionally distinguished from all other Chinese representatives of the genus by the reduced wings and the absence of a palisade fringe at the posterior margin of tergite VII.In fact, D. emeiana is so derived in so many respects that closer affiliations with any other Domene species known from China are not evident.

Distribution and natural history:
The adaptive reductions of the eyes, the wings and the palisade fringe at the posterior margin of tergite VII, as well as the absence of records from other regions suggest that D. emeiana is endemic to the Emei Shan in Sichuan (Map 1).The specimens were sifted at altitudes between 1640 and 2400 m.