Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (10) New descriptions and records of Asian Hylaeus species (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae)

One new species from the Sinai Peninsula, Hylaeus ( Hylaeus ) oliviae spec. nov., and four new species from


Introduction
The time is becoming ripe for a well-grounded review of the species of Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 present in the West Palaearctic, and their distribution.An example of a work that partly meets this need is the Red Data Book of the IUCN (Dathe 2014).Substantial advances in this direction have also been made during recent years for northern regions of the East Palaearctic.Particularly the systematic studies conducted by Institute of Biology and Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, in Vladivostok, have covered the apifauna of large areas of Asiatic Russia (Proshchalykin 2003a(Proshchalykin , b, 2004(Proshchalykin , 2007a(Proshchalykin , b, 2008(Proshchalykin , 2010(Proshchalykin , 2012(Proshchalykin , 2014)).In contrast, research in the southern parts of the East Palaearctic seems likely to remain based, for some time to come, mainly on smaller scale, selective collection of material and data.Recent studies by Chinese entomologists already indicate, that especially in China a greater richness and diversity of bee species can be expected than is at present known, and that this also applies to Hylaeus (Chen & Xu 2009, 2013, Chen et al. 2010).
Currently, an important part of these initial studies is the critical assessment of data and names.When Cockerell collected in the Far East -1923 in the Primorskiy Kray and 1927 around Lake Baikal -he was fairly sure that all species which he collected were unknown and that they required description as new species.Today we know that even the small Masked Bees may be distributed over huge ranges, and that great distances do not provide immunity from synonymy.The distribution limits of the described species are practically unknown: we only have occasional samples from what is undoubtedly an exceedingly rich fauna.The associated types have never been revised, so that even small contributions such as this may be justified, which is based on material collected during several joint expeditions by Chinese and American entomologists.The material was kindly made available by the American Museum of Natural History, New York.Simultaneously, it was possible to examine types deposited in the collections at Beijing, Washington and Müncheberg.

Methods and terminology
For the participating museums, the following abbreviations are used in the text: AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New  These terms are used as a pair in the descriptions to describe strength and density of the punctation, the two qualities being separated by a comma, e.g."Frons and vertex with dense, strong punctation" (in H. oliviae spec.nov.male).
An Olympus SZX12 microscope was available for examination of specimens.The photos were taken with a system comprising a Leica Z6APO microscope, a DFC 450 camera and the Application Suite LAS Version 4.3.0.Composite images with an extended depth of field were created using the software CombineZ5 by Alan Hadley.

Taxonomy and distribution
Hylaeus (Hylaeus) oliviae spec.nov.27 Diagnosis: This species is evidently allied to H. trifidus (Alfken).Both forms are clearly recognisable in males by the smooth oval impressions between scapus bases and orbits.But H. oliviae spec.nov.differs in some important characters that are obviously associated with features of its lifestyle: Particularly in females, the lower part of the head is significantly longer and narrower, similar to the female of H. moricei.Discussion: This new taxon is closely related to Hylaeus trifidus (Alfken, 1936), but it is clearly separated by its occurrence outside the distribution area of H. trifidus (Fig. 5) and by significant morphological differences.
H. trifidus occurs between the Greek Aegean Islands (Lesvos, Chios) and the Hakkari Mountains mainly in the southern half of Turkey.The mark by Ascher & Pickering (2014) on the Greek mainland is a centroid point for Greece, not to be interpreted as local specimen record (Ascher, personal communication).The species is not distributed north of latitude 40°N.To the South, the species occurs along the eastern Mediterranean coastal region of Palestine and reaches the northern part of the Negev desert in Israel at approximately 31°N, but is not found further south in Egypt.A record from Iran ("Ispahan", Warncke 1972: 753) has been corrected (Warncke 1981: 191, "Isfahan").However, it can be assumed that there was once a larger common area of distribution of H. trifidus populations, of which the southern ones became isolated (perhaps by desert conditions), and that it survived only on the mountainous "island" of Mt Katharine in the Sinai.
Morphologically, the head of H. oliviae females is much longer and narrower than that of H. trifidus; this points to a special adaptation to a different flower shape, i.e. an independent, divergent evolution.Norfolk et al. (in preparation) report flower visiting on Foeniculum vulgare Mill.(60 %) and Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen (40 %) in June and July.

Derivatio nominis:
The new species is dedicated to the enthusiastic ecologist Olivia Norfolk (Nottingham).
Hylaeus (Hylaeus) ascheri spec.nov.Diagnosis: This species is characterised by the rounded propodeum with weak sculpture.A special feature of the males is the shape of the penis valves, that in dorsal view are strikingly constricted in the middle.Also in the other terminalia, the ground plan morphology of the subgenus Hylaeus is modified in a specific manner.The females can be easily recognised by the fungiform spot on the anterior margin of the clypeus.Both sexes are remarkably pilose.surface pits with short erect setae; T2 and following terga shagreen and somewhat more finely and densely punctate; lateral parts of terga without fringes.Terminalia (Fig. 30): genital capsule compact, long-oval, with enlarged gonobase and gonocoxites, gonoforcipes short and pointed; penis valves (in dorsal view) basolaterally constricted, arrow-shaped; S7 and S8 similar to H. ascheri spec.nov.but deviating in detail: S8 with apical lobus preapically constricted, ending in smaller lobes; S7 with proximal and distal lobes more expanded.
Female.TL 4.8-5.2(5.00) mm, WL 4.0-4.4(4.15) mm.Head.Proportions HL:HW 0.96, UHW:LHW 1.52, outline trapezoid.Scapi black, flagella short, black, undersides brown.Face with white to yellowish-white side spots, filling paraocular area nearly up to scapus bases.Foveae faciales long, reaching upper compound eye border.Clypeus CL:CW 1.24, longitudinally striate, matt, without punctation; supraclypeal area separated from clypeus by fine seam, lower part with a similar structure, upper part with deep middle furrow that widens up to a small pit at the transition to frons (where pollen is regularly found), surface laterally punctate, transition to the frons steep but not as right angled as in the male (Fig. 17).

Discussion:
The range of variability in characters of this widely distributed species has not previously been investigated.Specimens examined from China (Sichuan) and Vietnam differ from the better studied Japanese specimens in that the structure of the integument is coarser.In particular, the punctation on the mesopleurae are clearly larger and tergum 1 is sparsely, finely punctate (Fig. 23).H. transversicostatus (Strand 1913) from Taiwan also belongs to the group, but in this the distal lobe of sternum 8 is clearly longer and has apically a tuft of short bristles; St7 bears some bristles medially, and the genital capsule has elongated and narrowed gonoforcipes.The subgenus Nesoprosopis is widely distributed in the southern Palaearctic and seems also here to have developed considerable species richness.About 15 names have been given, but with the exception of the five species occurring on the Japanese Islands, the nominal species have not been sufficiently compared with each other.
Are they all valid species?This is certainly possible, if one considers the 60 species that document an unusual diversification of the subgenus in the Hawaii Islands (Daly & Magnacca 2003).On the other hand, the colonisation of archipelagos of volcanic origin follows its own rules.In any case, this group requires a comprehensive revision in the south-east Palaearctic.

Diagnosis:
The new species differs from the two previously known species of the subgenus Paraprosopis in this region, Hylaeus concinnus and H. nigrocallosus, by the coarser and sparser punctation of the metasoma and the shagreen tergum 1.The part of the frons near the scape is without a smooth area.The male is unknown.
The species was hitherto known from the Yunnan Province only.New to Beijing and Sichuan Province.
Proportions HL:HW 0.94, UHW:LHW 1.56, outline nearly circular (Fig.24).Scapi black, flagella short, black, below brownish.Face marks yellow: paraocular areas filled up to mid of scapus bases, clypeus with spot.Foveae faciales long, converging on vertex, ending closer to ocelli than to compound eye margin.Clypeus CL:CW 1.24, shagreen, matt, with scattered shallow punctation; border to supraclypeal area indistinct.Supraclypeal area with subtriangular lower portion, upper part narrow, with marked medial furrow, gradually merging to the frons.Frons and vertex shiny, with strong, dense punctation; scapus area streaky, matt; vertex sparsely hairy.Genae widened, in outline sloping below, with tapering punctation; occiput rounded; malae narrow.Labrum and the bifid mandibles black.Mesosoma prolonged, somewhat pilosity of thorax and propodeum inconspicuous, with sparse white hairs, ventrally somewhat longer.Coloration black, pronotum laterally with two yellow stripes, tegulae and calli with a yellow spot each.Pronotum rounded, anterior margin in the middle line-like narrow, slightly carved, dorsolateral angles blunt.Mesonotum and scutellum shagreen, silkily shiny, punctation moderate, sparse (Fig.25); metanotum rugose punctate, matt; mesopleurae with similar punctation as mesonotum, a little more scattered and shinier; anterior margin rounded.Legs black, yellow are anterior part of tibiae I and bases of other tibiae; wings lightly browned, venation dark brown.Propodeum rounded, with short horizontal part; basal area at its base with a row of meshes, followed by short longitudinal wrinkles which merge caudally; propodeal furrow broad and shallow, upper triangular part with fine shagreen; terminal area not demarcated, a sharp ridge only very below, surface grid wrinkled, matt.Metasoma stocky spindle-shaped, coloration black.Tergum 1 finely striated, silkily shiny, punctation scattered, fine; following terga finely shagreen, with fine shallow punctation; tergum 1 apicolaterally with narrow white fringes, depressions without ciliary bands; fringe of last sternum bright.